Saturday, August 1, 2026

In The Midst Of Winter by Isabel Allende

 


   If you are seeking for a thriller, mystery, and historical fiction novel in just one book, this may be the right choice for you. To enhance the effect, add a touch of savory romance into the enticing mixture and you are off on a spellbinding adventure. This one turned out to be another fortunate discovery in a free little library I like to check from time to time…

 The word “genius” comes to my mind as I think about what this thought-provoking novel encompasses.  Even though I have some serious complaints about it, they do not detract from the genius of this novel. Yet I will delve into my criticism later in this post.

  Lucia Maraz is a Chilean woman who wanted to add excitement to her life. She is 62 years old and does not want to grow old in a boring place in Chile, so what did she do? She accepted a position at a university in New York, where she would only be allowed to work for one year. Once the position comes to an end, she has no idea what she will do. An acquaintance of hers called Richard Bowmaster is the professor who invited her to accept this position.

   Lucia also becomes Richard Bowmaster’s tenant, so when a severe snowstorm hits New York in 2015, Lucia is secluded in the basement apartment under his home. I appreciate the description of the dull place made cozy by the company of an adorable chihuahua—Marcelo-- who soothes her and lessens the effects of her solitary days.



   Richard Bowmaster is only one year younger than Lucia. He has a complicated life story with a history of past tragedies and serious mistakes. However, he manages to control his anxiety and relies on the presence of his four cats for company. 

 


     Richard counts on them to chase mice, but in reality, he loves those cats more than he cares to admit. Then there is Evelyn Ortega, an undocumented young refugee from Guatemala who migrated to the United States under the most dangerous conditions after gangs threatened her life. These gangs had already slaughtered her two brothers.

     When Richard bumps into the car Evelyn is driving on his way back from the vet, he apologizes and gives her a card with his contact details. It was a minor accident, but the incident sets the conditions for the novel to unfold. It was a dark, cold night in the aftermath of a severe snowstorm.

    After parting ways, Evelyn appears at his doorstep later that night, and Richard calls Lucia to help him communicate with Evelyn. The situation gets even more stressful when Evelyn reports that she has found a dead body in the trunk of the car she has been driving. The car belongs to the family she works for as an undocumented immigrant. It would be too risky for Evelyn to report this incident due to her undocumented status. They know that she would be blamed for the crime, so the three of them embark on a road trip to safely get rid of the body. The strange situation poses several questions: Who is the dead person? Who killed the person? How is the crime related to the family who hires Evelyn?

 

  Isabel Allende packs a lot in this novel. I appreciate the depth of her narrative and the social and historical contexts associated with the complicated life stories of the characters. I can tell that Isabel Allende feels empathy for the characters despite their flaws and blunders. Their chaotic experiences awaken the reader’s interest and spark intrigue.

 Why do I love this novel?

 In The Midst of Winter is gripping and thought-provoking. The author's exquisite literary skills add a special feature to her work.

  I enjoy following the adventure of these three characters. There is an impending sense of danger, but there is also a thread of hope running through it.  As we get to know these complex characters, we become aware of how they have managed to survive tragic past experiences.

  The social, historical and cultural aspects of the novel create an immersive experience for the reader. During their escapade, complications and challenges arise. As these three characters share their life stories, their sense of companionship grows into a kind of friendship that transcends the gaps of cultures and perspectives.  In that intimate space of connection, they empathize with one another and find common ground. Love, grief and despair unite them in warm conversations in the midst of winter…



       The experience of being in exile

 Lucia Maraz had lost her brother in the 1970s, during the fascist dictatorship of Pinochet in Chile. After her brother’s disappearance, she had to exile to Canada to protect her own life, because she received threats. Around 37,000 people were imprisoned and/or tortured during Pinochet’s fascist dictatorship; 3,700 people disappeared during that same period.

  When Lucia went back to Chile with the return of democracy in 1990, she felt like an outsider in her home country. Everything had changed. Her experience was made worse by the ways she was judged by the people of her own country. She felt like a misfit. Leftists accused her of being a “coward” for having left the country while right wing people accused her of being a “communist”. However, during her years of exile in Canada, her communication with her mother had deepened. They had exchanged several letters. Even before receiving an answer, they would be writing another letter to each other… Their letters were like life journals…This avid exchange had probably nourished their relationship and had helped Lucia to understand herself better…

 

The power of Isabel Allende’s writing

  The intimate perceptions and experiences of the characters make the writing powerful. Except for a few blunders, Isabel Allende offers a kind of depth that accentuates my interest in the characters. She exposes complex realities with insight, clarity and knowledge. I will be reading more of her books.

 

 Social and political contexts that boost my interest in her writing

   I appreciate how the author digs into topics that help to understand the social and political context. She somehow finds the circumstances to do so.

  As a professor, Lucia gave a conference about the fascist dictatorship in Chile. I was not so astonished when somebody in the audience pointed out that Pinochet’s economy had been successful. Isabel Allende exposes the propaganda machine that led to such false beliefs. Lucia revealed that it is not true that the dictatorship was beneficial for the economy. It may have been of benefit to the wealthy, but poverty and unemployment increased significantly in Chile as a result of it.

 

 

          Criticism/complaints

1)        The author explains that Lucia Maraz “feels complete by herself” in the basement apartment under Richard’s home, but on the next line she reveals that Lucia did consider a dating app to meet somebody and quickly changed her mind because she did not want her daughter to find out. Also, she has a secret desire for Richard, so this sets the stage for a confusing ambiguity. Did she travel to New York to seek new job opportunities or is she interested in Richard? It could be both, but what bothers me is this trend to view women as potential romantic partners instead of viewing them as independent individuals with intellectual interests and personal aspirations. It also feeds the prejudice that women are irrational and cannot be happy by themselves. I did not like this at all. On the other hand, Richard is happily engaged in intellectual pursuits, surrounded by books, while Lucia is thinking about Richard all the time. It is a bit stupid to portray women in this light. 

       Lucia longs to have a meaningful relationship with him or with a suitable partner. Again, why can’t a woman be okay without any romantic interests? This prejudice is very damaging to women in society as this can lead to the idea that everything is done with some kind of sexual/romantic interest while men are free to pursue their passions and interests without being judged, scrutinized or bothered.

2)     Why did they give “weed cookies” to Evelyn? That was unnecessary and inappropriate. It did not add anything to the story line. Evelyn is in a vulnerable situation and there is no reason to give her “weed cookies”. What is the point of that? I just don’t get it.

3)    When Lucia was 36 years old, she met a man who was researching the disappearances of people during the dictatorship. Lucia was writing a book about the topic, so she reached out to him. When she met him in person, she thought “he was the most athletic man she had ever met in her life.” She fell in love with the guy.  They had unprotected sex on the first day they met. Really? Are we supposed to believe than an educated woman would do this? This absurd, unrealistic situation does a good job of feeding the prejudice that Latina women are hypersexual and willing to embark on risky, thoughtless behaviors. I was very disappointed to read this. It may help the author to sell books. It feeds negative prejudices about Latina women and can lead to irrational excuses to treat Latina women with disrespect, to slander them easily. You can also read my post about this topic here.

4)    There are a couple of lines about bats that promote negative propaganda against bats. Isabel Allende: do your research. I had my own prejudices against bats in the past but then I educated myself and learned something new.


 

  Conclusion

  Despite the serious complaints I expressed about the novel, In the Midst of Winter is a remarkable masterpiece. The characters are well developed and complex. I enjoyed the twists and turns, the vivid settings, the emotional experience and the thought-provoking nature of the narrative, which integrates historical and cultural aspects seamlessly. The author weaves into the mystery several topics of relevance, and I love that the ending is hopeful. I look forward to reading more works by this author.

 


Relevant links:

 

  https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/jul/30/ice-detention-center-camp


You can learn more about fascism by visiting this link:

 https://www.keene.edu/academics/cchgs/resources/presentation-materials/characteristics-and-appeal-of-fascism/download/

 

 

If you enjoyed this post, you can read my writing on the following book:

 

The Japanese Lover by Isabell Allende


I want to recommend this independent journalist in case you have not come across her work. Her name is Katie Phang. I am sharing her reporting here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXL1e1vPn0M


Friday, July 24, 2026

The Humane Gardener by Nancy Lawson

 


   When I was a child, I marveled at the hundreds of fireflies that lit up our backyard every summer. Today I continue to be mesmerized by their lights on summer nights, but there are less of them, and they are at risk of extinction.


   If you want to make sure your children and grandchildren have the privilege to watch these stars on earth there is a lot you can do. It costs no money, but it does require common sense and empathy: leave the leaves on the ground. There are no excuses to kill their babies. When people rake leaves to throw them away, they condemn their babies to death. The use of leaf blowers also leaves a trail of devastation, disrupting the habitats of bees, moths, butterflies, birds and small mammals.


       Everything is interconnected in multiple ways. When we allow the leaves to stay on the ground--where they belong—they get decomposed and provide crucial nutrition for the trees. The leaves on the ground are also the natural shelter of various living beings that are a source of food for the birds. Why would anybody choose to starve the birds or to poison them? It takes common sense to leave them in peace. Again, it does not cost money but it does require empathetic attitudes.

    To support birds and the ecosystems in which they thrive, it is also important to avoid spraying pesticides and herbicides. By avoiding these toxic chemicals, you will also decrease the risk of making your pets and your children sick with cancer, and you will ensure that birds have a variety of safe food sources. Last, but not least, make choices that help to address climate change because global warming is also killing fireflies. Avoid light pollution. I wrote about light pollution here, so make sure you read it and share it. Turn off outdoor lights. You will save money and save the lives of fireflies and other living beings.


  I appreciate how this book dispels myths and falsehoods that mislead people and make them behave in cruel ways toward wildlife. It provides practical ideas and suggestions to coexist in harmony with wildlife while supporting the healthy growth of your garden and protecting the quality of the water, air and soil. The book contains photos that enhance the reading experience. It makes a good gift for your loved ones...



  

 

Opossums

Opossums are not aggressive. They have no way to fight back when challenged. All they do is drool, hiss and sway. Yet they are one of the most abused mammals by human beings. Opossums are intentionally run over, set on fire and doused in insecticides.

Did you know that opossums eat the annoying ticks that cause Lyme’s disease?

 


 Opossums, skunks and many other misunderstood animals can be beneficial in the garden. Irrespective of the fact that they are beneficial, the humane thing to do is to let them live their lives and to respect them. It is not my intention to be preachy here, but I think we should state the obvious sometimes. Why do human beings think they have a right to be cruel to others?

 


Compassionate ways of deterring wildlife

Lavender keeps deer from devouring carrots and beets. Anisse hyssop can protect tomatoes from grazing mammals. Spraying cayenne pepper deters ants and squirrels.

 Avoid the purchase of commercial repellents that may be marked as “humane” but are obtained by abusing animals. For example, predator urine sold as a natural way to scare off wild visitors is collected from coyotes, foxes and other animals raised in wire cages on fur farms. Avoid purchasing these products if you don’t want to be complicit in this abuse.

 The information in this book encourages the reader to make decisions that are rewarding not only to the gardeners but also to wildlife.

  It also shares the experiences and stories of different people who changed their ways of gardening to support nature around them. Manicured gardens loaded with pesticides and herbicides are gardens of death. Learn how you can change your garden into one of life, kindness and compassion.

 


 

Observations and reflections

  With the heatwave we’ve had to endure, the grass in the backyards of people who wasted money on chemicals became yellow.  Our grass, on the other hand, is still vibrant due to its diversity. Diversity engenders resilience. The clover thrives and helps to feed the bunnies. Clover helps to fertilize the soil in natural ways without polluting the water, the air and the soil. What is not to like about this? With the richness of our grass, the birds find an important source of food: a variety of seeds and insects they do not find in the manicured gardens of death. Furthermore, our grass looks healthier than the grass in backyards with pesticides and herbicides.

 

The charm of a humane garden

  A garden can be an oasis of hope and empathy. It may not be the solution to all the problems, but it can be part of the solution; it may create a gentle path to a more compassionate world.  It may become the home of species that are endangered... have you thought about that? 



 

  

Conclusion

  The Humane Gardener offers invaluable information, suggestions and ideas to support the web of life around us. It reminds us that we share the Earth with other living beings. On ethical terms this means that our actions matter. We are accountable for our actions toward the living beings around us. When we make choices that support the health of the environment and other living beings, we are supporting our own health. What is not to like about this? Every choice, action and vote can make a difference, so educate yourself and others and let’s create a more compassionate world together.

 You can learn more about the author and the topic by checking this site.


 If you enjoyed this post, you can also check my writing on the following books:


The Comfort of Crows by Margaret Renkl

 

The Serviceberry by Robin Wall Kimmerer

 

The Ocean’s Menagerie by Drew Harvell

 

 

 

Relevant links:

 Research has shown that exposure to glyphosate in children is linked to the development of various diseases in young adulthood, including cancer:

https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2023/study-finds-childhood-exposure-weed-killer-may-increase-risk-disease-young-adulthood

The importance of planting trees:

 https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2026/07/kids-plant-trees-change-neighborhoods/

   

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/jul/23/space-datacenters-bezos-blue-origin

 

https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20260717-border-barrier-project-sparks-environmental-concerns-texas-national-park

 

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jul/24/trump-canada-wildfires-smoke-scientists


Sunday, July 5, 2026

Where Sleeping Girls Lie by Faridah Abike Iyimide

 

  


   If you are going to read only one mystery book this year, make sure you pick Where Sleeping Girls Lie. Don’t be deterred by the fact that it is in the Young Adult fiction book category. I could not put this outstanding novel down. It is the kind of masterpiece that leaves me speechless, and there are many reasons why I recommend it strongly.

 

 Why do I love Where Sleeping Girls Lie?

   Where Sleeping Girls Lie is a refreshing read because the author does not taint the novel with clumsy gender stereotypes that suit the wishes of the patriarchy. The story has strong female characters who defy the patriarchy in several ways. Characters don’t need to be perfect, but I appreciate that they are relatable and interesting, and it is easy to feel a strong sense of connection with them. Unlike Carthage by Joyce Carol Oates, where the so-called “smart girl” turns out to be an insane product of the patriarchy, the smart girls in Where Sleeping Girls Lie challenge the system through their wits, humor and determination. They are smart because they can see what is wrong and they act accordingly. The female teenagers somehow band together and confront injustice.  

 

   It is liberating to read Faridah Abike-Iyimide after putting up with novels that claim to be different while falling flat into a stream of prejudices and stereotypes. For example, in The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak the female characters (Ella and Rose) cannot be brave without the feedback of men. (Rose is a sex slave but the author does not even seem to acknowledge that Rose is a slave). Ella is constantly patronized by a stranger. In The Bastard of Istanbul by Elif Shafak, the eccentric ladies she presents turn out to be unreliable and cruel by the end of the novel and the author makes sure that the reader feels more empathy for the rapist than for the female characters she portrays. I find it disappointing and disturbing. On the other hand, in Where Sleeping Girls Lie Faridah breaks new ground. She sets the reader free from the trend of throwing the “smart” women under the bus. Faridah shows how women can  band together to protect themselves. After I finished reading it, I continued thinking about the outcome of the story and about how all the pieces fit together.

    Faridah is a new kind of writer, free from the prejudices that influence other writers. How liberating! How refreshing it is to meet this author!

   

     Characters and Plot

     Like in Carthage, a female character disappears, so the puzzle revolves around her disappearance and the chain of events that ensue; there are many secrets to be discovered throughout the story…

     Sade is a sixteen-year-old new student in a boarding school in England: Alfred Nobel Academy (ANA). Before joining ANA, she had been homeschooled. It is fascinating to read about her new life in the school and how she connects with the other students. The main characters have unique personalities, and Faridah makes them jump out of the page, offering vivid settings and concise descriptions.

     The mystery starts with the sudden disappearance of a female high school student of Asian ethnicity. Her name is Elizabeth Wang; she was Sade Hussein’s room-mate. The teenager vanishes on Sade’s first night at ANA.



   The gothic buildings of the school create a dark, intriguing atmosphere. Each building has the name of a historical figure from the past… Sade and her new friends navigate an oppressive system of racism, misogyny, greed and corruption, but they challenge it in multiple ways.

  Getting to know the characters well was a riveting adventure. I appreciate how the author makes the suspense grow. She keeps the reader actively engaged through the planting of enigmatic clues. Some of the characters are teenagers I would be happy to befriend, like Basil, Persephone, Elizabeth and Sade. Unlike Nineteen Minutes by Jodi Picoult, a novel in which all the teenagers portrayed are shallow, uninspiring and boring, Faridah offers characters that you are willing to meet in-person. (Don’t get me wrong. I enjoyed reading Nineteen Minutes, but I did not like the characters in that story).

      As you read Where Sleeping Girls lie, you may consider asking questions about the study of history:

         Who do we celebrate when we study history? Who do we honor?

         Who do we ignore and why? How does a biased selection shape our present? How does this impact our future?

         How can we improve the study of history to make it inclusive and relevant to our times? How do we learn new perspectives to comprehend the past?

           I do not want to reveal too much because this book is amazing, thought-provoking and incredibly relevant. I also appreciate that the ending offers hope, and we need hope more than ever.

          I dare say this is my favorite mystery of the year and my favorite Young Adult fiction of the year. I am thankful that the universe made me cross paths with this masterpiece. Encounters with books are like little miracles that make us fall in love with the magic of reading.

       I came across this book at my local library and I look forward to reading more works by this author.

 

           A brief note about the author

         Faridah Abike-Iyimide is the award-winning, instant New York Times—and internationally bestselling author of Ace of Spades. She is a graduate from a university in the Scottish Highlands, where she received a bachelor of arts in English Literature. She also has an MA in Shakespeare studies from Kings College London. You can learn more about Faridah by checking her website:

Faridahabikeiyimide.com

 

  

 

Comparative analysis between Carthage by Joyce Carol Oates and Where Sleeping Girls Lie (along with some commentary on other recent reads).

   

    If you have already read Carthage by Joyce Carol Oates, feel free to read this analysis.

    It was fascinating to realize that these two books landed on my desk at the same time. When I had to choose which one to read first, I selected Carthage, but I did not know that Where Sleeping Girls Lie would be more satisfying and even more insightful. Unlike Carthage, it is also free of prejudices.

   In both mystery novels a woman disappears. In the case of Where Sleeping Girls Lie the female character who disappears is a teenager. Both stories expose the normalization of male violence and how the forces of the patriarchy shape the way people judge women and men differently.  In both stories there is a conflict between two sisters…

    Where Sleeping Girls Lie highlights how patriarchal forces enable the abuse of women while Carthage suggests that women are in part responsible for these abusive behaviors by doing nothing to set themselves free from the abuser or by supporting and admiring violent males. I think Carthage could have been instead an opportunity to expose how the system does not believe women and how it puts them in danger, but Joyce Carol Oates did something similar in We Were the Mulvaneys. In this novel, Oates shows that Corinne Mulvaney condoned her husband’s abusive behavior. I think there is a clear bias against the female gender in these two novels. Why is the author so persistent when it comes to placing the onus on women? The author is clearly interested in revealing the internalized misogyny of her female characters. To make matters even worse, Corinne Mulvaney did not provide support to her daughter after she was raped and even drove her away from her home because she could not deal with the reality of the rape.  I know I am digressing here, but it is hard not to see the analogies.

   Writing about this brings to mind the tragic experience of Gabby Petito. Somebody reported the physical abuse perpetrated by Brian Laundrie by calling 911, so the police officers in Utah were summoned up. She was clearly asking for help and distressed when the police officers encountered the couple. Gabby Petito received no support or help from the police officers. The abuser was in control. She was considered the “crazy” one, even though she was the victim. Soon after she asked for help, she was strangled by her boyfriend.

   The most important differences between Carthage and Where Sleeping Girls Lie manifest in the ways in which the female characters respond to the demands and injustice of the patriarchy. In Where Sleeping Girls Lie the female characters can see the problems and advocate for change. In Carthage, women adopt a more submissive attitude, even when they can see some of the problems.

    Religion appears to appease and comfort Arlette. It helps her accept her reality and to forgive and be kind. The Catholic Religion in Carthage is something that guides people to be kind to others, to be more tolerant. The context triggers a compelling question: Can people be kind without religion? Joyce Carol Oates shows that Cressida is non-religious and inconsiderate, so the author here seems to associate religion with being kind to others, which can be misleading. Women are expected to be charitable, and religion appears to be the medium that facilitates this. Is the situation suggesting that religion is essential to count on a moral backbone? This suggestion has the potential to implant a form of bigotry.  Arlette’s husband, on the other hand, is the one involved in politics. He is not religious, but he tries to hide his lack of faith, and Arlette cannot fully trust her husband, which reinforces the bigoted idea that without religion a person cannot be trusted. Yet he is the one Cressida puts on a pedestal.

   Cressida is labeled as a “smart” girl, but she treats her mother in condescending ways and admires her father. Cressida’s attitude is a product of the patriarchy despite her rebellious nature.  Cressida also suffers because she does not meet the beauty standards demanded by the patriarchy. Unfortunately, the author does not care too much about sowing empathy for Cressida either. Take a moment to read the reviews to confirm this. You will read that some reviewers state that they would like to “throw Cressida into the river.” Yet they express that they do feel sympathy for Brett Kincaid. They are not bothered by the fact that he had physically attacked his girlfriend, Juliet, and had hung out with rapists… What does this tell you about the society we live in? Joyce Carol Oates paints “smart Cressida” as mischievous and unreliable. Yet Cressida volunteered to help boys by tutoring them in math. Then the boys labeled her as the “homely” one, which means “ugly” in American English. From that point on, she refused to volunteer, which means that being smart did not protect her from being overly concerned about the opinions of others. Being smart as a woman did not protect her from being objectified either. Her sister, Juliet, was considered “the beautiful” one, so Cressida was jealous.

    To make matters even more distressing, Cressida was considered “too smart.” Think about that for a moment. I’ve never heard of a man being accused of being too smart. Intelligence is celebrated, irrespective of the man’s looks. Cressida’s father even warned her about the possibility of being attacked because of her blunt remarks, hinting at the idea that being smart was considered dangerous. I have already explained the stereotyping of the “smart woman” here, so I will not delve into this again. Feel free to read my post on this here.

     Carthage is a very depressing novel in which women adapt to their situations without really changing anything. They do what women are expected to do: they are charitable, but Zeno is the politician. He is the leader, the one with power, and the ending does not seem to muffle the sharpness of the contrast between Arlette, the submissive wife, and Zeno, the politician. There is some growth in most of the characters in Carthage, but it does not make up for the stereotyping and prejudices that pervade the novel. By the end of the novel Arlette may not be the subservient wife she was at the beginning, but she is still docile in many ways. She is wise, but she is not vocal. She acts in accordance with the words from the New Testament: “Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness.”

     Faridah does not let us lose hope for her female characters in Where Sleeping girls Lie.  She gives them agency to have their own thoughts from the beginning of the novel. The author trusts the smart girls. I do not see any signs of internalized misogyny here. Faridah is a new kind of writer who believes in the power of her female characters to understand and be vocal; they summon up courage amid adverse circumstances and set creative solutions in motion. The author has genuine faith in women and refuses to succumb to any type of prejudice. The women and teenagers in this novel will surprise you... They are alert; they know that things can change, and they work to make change happen…



A relevant link to share with crime analyst Laura Richards:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2pp1vfPWmI


Here's an informative article about domestic violence and the need to debunk myths about it:

 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/jul/23/pauline-hansons-comments-about-domestic-violence-are-more-than-vile-they-are-dangerous-for-women-ntwnfb


Friday, June 26, 2026

The Ocean's Menagerie by Drew Harvell

  


     Immerse yourself in the mysterious beauty of the ocean. You will discover an enchanting world of diversity and partnerships that are essential to sustain life. Drew Harvell’s book explores the ocean and shares the  adventures she experienced as a marine ecologist.

     What is it like to embark on such an adventure?

     Dr. Drew Harvell introduces the readers to an incredible variety of spineless sea creatures and their hidden powers. She takes us to various places: Hawaii, the Salis Sea, Saint Croix, Indonesia and other spots... 

 The exuberance of colors and shapes strikes a sense of wonder. Sponges, coral reefs, jellyfish, anemones, clams, fans, octopi, sea stars, and many others are included in this book.

 


    Dr. Drew Harvell is a world-renowned marine ecologist, professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University, affiliate faculty at University of Washington and a science envoy to the US State Department.



 Marine biology and medical research

   I was stunned to learn how marine biology overlaps with medical research. You may be surprised to read that discoveries about the chemistry and biology of sea creatures are used in immunology, neurobiology and cancer research and therapy.

 

  Hidden powers in sponges

Have you ever heard about Mitomycin? Mitomycin is used to treat some types of cancer (bladder cancer, for example). I did not know that mitomycin is a synthetic derivative of a compound with anticancer activity called mayamycin, which was obtained from a specific type of sea sponge (Halicondria panicea); this is a bright green intertidal sponge found at low tide in the shoreline of the Pacific Northwest.  Researchers found the natural compound and then scientists developed the synthetic chemical by tinkering with the structure of the natural compound in various ways.



  You will be even more surprised to learn that the chemical found in the sponge is not really produced by the sponge; it is made by specific bacteria in the sponge. There is a kind of symbiosis between the bacteria and the sponge to make this happen. Researchers do not know much about the complexity of this symbiosis.

 

  The coral’s castles

   Corals are part of the animal group called cnidarians; anemones and jellyfish are also considered cnidarians.



   All cnidarians have harpoon-like, venom-filled stinging cells called nematocysts, soft bodies and free-swimming larvae.

    As adults, some (like coral and anemones) exist as sessile polyps, while others (like most jellies) remain free swimming. Adults with free-swimming form are called medusae.

  The common ancestor of all living cnidarians was a solitary anemone that lived in ancient seas 800 million years ago.

     Some of the richest habitats on earth are the coral reefs. They house a quarter of all marine animal species. There is an ancient partnership between coral polyps and microscopic algae. These microscopic algae are photosynthetic single-celled organisms called zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae are packed in lines studding the skin of the corals. The zooxanthellae use chlorophyll to absorb sunlight, which is necessary to photosynthesize and produce glucose.   



  The sunlight penetrates the shallow water in which corals live and the food the zooxanthellae produce sustains the corals, because they use the food produced by the zooxanthellae to grow and reproduce. The corals, on the other hand, provide shelter to the zooxanthellae. This symbiosis or partnership between corals and zooxanthellae started over 400 million years ago. It is an adaptation that helped corals survive, because corals live in waters with low nutrition, so the algae zooxanthellae provided the extra nutrition they needed. This precious partnership is disrupted by climate change.


 Coral reefs and the economy

    Coral reefs support artisanal fisheries and protect coastal communities from damaging waves and subsequent erosion. Also, hundreds of millions of peoples’ livelihoods depend on coral reefs. What happens if we do not work to address climate change? How vulnerable are coral reefs to climate change? I invite you to research this.

 

 Coral reefs under attack by climate change and pollution caused by humans

 Higher temperatures make them vulnerable to infection; it causes “bleaching” of the coral reefs because it disrupts the partnership that has evolved over millions of years. The word “bleaching” alludes to the fact that they lose their colors because the microscopic algae (the zooxanthellae) are expelled. They lose their pigmentation and become vulnerable to diseases. 

  “Even in the heart of coral biodiversity, corals face the existential threat of climate warming. Warming events had broken apart the delicate symbiosis with the zooxanthellae and activated infections that stripped the live tissue from the skeleton and killed the entire colony."

  In addition to climate change, Dr. Harvell provides shocking descriptions of the ways in which coral reefs suffer under the effects of pollution:

 “Local factors like plastic, dynamite fishing, and sewage pollution were breaking and stressing corals, so infections could easily start.”
   It was shocking to read what she had seen as she swam from Bali to Raja Ampat: “we found a lot of plastic entwined in the branches of living coral. On reef after reef, we noticed plastic trash. Old fishing lines, chip bags, diapers, and single -use plastic bags were surging into the ocean from coastal shores and rivers.” They ended up tangled on corals.


 The author researched the effects of climate change in the year 1998...

   In June 1998 the effects of climate change on coral reefs were evident to scientists who explored life in the oceans. Dr. Drew Harvell was one of them. 

  The effects of higher temperatures were exacerbated by El Nino phenomenon that same year. The ocean absorbs the excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As the carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean waters it turns into carbonic acid. The ocean acidification that results from this process has several deleterious effects on ocean life. For example, it affects the building of shells and skeletons. Ocean acidification affects the architecture of coral reefs.

   Coral reefs are important for the economy, so when you encounter a climate denier, you can educate them on the need to preserve and protect coral reefs from the massive amounts of arbon dioxide produced by human activities. This is why we need to act. We have options. We can make choices that support their health. 


    Dr. Harvell describes what happened, “We received reports from around Indonesia that corals were bleaching and that small outbreaks of disease were appearing on the reefs. While the bleaching was bad news, it was expected.” Back then the evidence of climate change caused by humans was already clear. 

   With global warming the growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses increases. Back then they developed a sustainability program led by scientists from the World Bank; it also included seventy scientists from around the world. Climate change caused by the excess of carbon dioxide that results from human activities was well documented and they invested in resources to learn more about it. However, they did not do enough to address the issue and to educate the population. Why?

   Despite the fact that the science of anthropogenic climate change was clear in the 1990s, the mainstream media presented it as a controversial issue, confusing the masses. For example, the administration of George Bush suppressed and distorted the scientific findings to satisfy the interests of the fossil fuel industry; the Trump administration is following the same path. The Bush administration exaggerated uncertainty regarding climate change and did everything it could to avoid the policies required to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.

   The scientific consensus on climate change dates back to the 1990s. Reading this information motivated me to do more research on this. As I looked into the matter further, it became clear to me that the evidence was ignored and suppressed for decades, and that universities and institutions were complicit in this process, because they were also influenced by fossil fuel interests. 


 Learning from the past will guide us to act in the present

   A serious issue emerges when we refuse to learn from history. We run the risk of repeating the same mistakes, which is what we are doing right now. An example of this is the use and abuse of artificial intelligence and the unregulated spread of data centers that lead to massive consumption of water and energy. These data centers worsen the climate crisis. With a few exceptions, political leadership on both sides of the spectrum chooses to ignore the consequences of the unrestrained spread of data centers. Several political leaders have failed to address the problem and have sold out our communities. In fact, they facilitated the spread of these data centers. 

     I invite you to do what you can as a citizen by not only contacting your representatives but also by minimizing the use of AI. For example, when you do a search you can type -AI to avoid the intrusion of AI.

Here’s an article on this that was published by AP news. It highlights the importance of doing this. It is a way of making your voice heard and it has some practical ideas:

https://apnews.com/article/ai-energy-water-climate-change-pollution-environment-77c9de6f9c6326c12d8d18e20dc99c44

 

  Artificial Intelligence is also taking away jobs, and it will continue to do so, harming our mental health and livelihoods. The propaganda about its benefits fails to address all the problems it is causing. 

 

Climate change decreases the levels of oxygen in the oceans

 

This is not something she writes much about, so I would like to highlight it. Warm temperatures in the water hold less Oxygen, so the levels of Oxygen have been decreasing. You can read more on this here.


However, climate change is not the only cause. The decrease in the levels of Oxygen is also a result of pollution. For example, pollution by fertilizers from factory farms is a topic she  does not address in her book. She only mentions fish farms, but not other factory farms.  I also notice that universities avoid paying attention to this topic. Why is this not addressed? In the same way that universities ignored climate change for decades they now seem to neglect topics that pertain to factory farming and the consequences of overuse of fertilizersand pesticides. The lack of transparency and neglect from institutions is another betrayal; these institutions should be prioritizing the environment and public health—not the interests of the agricultural and fossil fuel corporations that provide donations…

    What kind of objectivity can we expect when we learn that fossil fuel corporations funneled 700 million dollars in research funding to US universities over the course of ten years?


 

Big agricultural corporations also provide funding to these institutions:

It would be interesting to have the latest figures available, but, unfortunately, I don’t expect much transparency. Here’s a paper on this kind of influence.

 


 

 

Climate change continues to get worse

 

In the meantime, climate change and pollution continue to get worse, and planting trees, albeit important, is not enough to address this.


 

 Bioluminescence


  Imagine yourself going down into the sea at night. Without the pull of gravity, you may not know whether you are going down or up. I found that fascinating. You will learn about bioluminescence and the chemistry of light…

  The chemistry of light production in marine living beings such as jellyfish was spellbinding. Several species of sea creatures produce light for different purposes. It may be to attract mates, deter predators or to attract prey. The process requires certain conditions and the presence of calcium. Understanding the chemistry of this process also helps to fathom how living beings are interconnected and interdependent. Furthermore, you will be impressed to learn how this knowledge is applied to medical diagnosis and treatment. 

 

 

    Sea Stars

 The author describes the anatomy of these delicate creatures in simple terms; she reveals how they feed themselves. We also learn about the epidemic that caused massive die-offs of sea stars. Warming temperatures made them vulnerable to a serious epidemic…



   For example, ninety percent of the sunflower sea stars along the entirety of North America’s West coast died.  This had serious repercussions because sunflower sea stars normally feed on sea urchins, so the lack of sunflower sea stars caused an overpopulation of sea urchins. These organisms then devoured the kelp forests. The devastation of kelp forests damaged an entire ecosystem, and this degradation had serious impacts on the local economies. Restoration work is ongoing to protect sea stars.


 

      

      Conclusion

    The author’s adventures in and by the sea inspire us to appreciate the ocean and motivate us to protect it from the abuse of human activities. Her book provides revelations on how everything is intimately interconnected. The diversity of connections and partnerships presented here is essential to sustain life.

     As we attempt to awaken to the complex web of life, we get to understand that climate change is not an isolated issue. It is interconnected with and related to pollution. Therefore, addressing both should be part of a comprehensive plan of actions to support human health and all forms of life in our planet. Making the right choices is of paramount importance at every level.

 

What can we do?

Avoid single use plastic bags; avoid or minimize the use of plastic. Avoid releasing helium balloons. They can end up in the ocean; wildlife gets killed by ingesting them. Support clean forms of energy like wind, solar and geothermal. If you grow a garden, do so without the use of pesticides and herbicides. Vote for politicians who genuinely care about doing something to address pollution and climate change and make choices that align with your ethical purpose. Remember that your voice can help to make a difference.

 

Find out how you can protect marine animals from illegal fishing:

 

https://awionline.org/wycd/what-you-can-do-for-marine-wildlife/

 

 

 

  Take action to protect coastal communities and the ocean:

https://earthjustice.org/action/our-coastal-communities-need-protections-from-the-dangers-of-offshore-drilling

 

Research has shown that there are links between oil and gas production and earthquakes. Why is this not addressed? Here’s an article from Scientific American on this topic:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/

 

 

If you enjoyed this post, feel free to read my post on the following book:

 

 Sweet in Tooth and Claw: Stories of cooperation in the natural world.

 

 Birding to Change the World